No matter where you are in the world, or what moment in history you happen to live through, it’s safe to say that one of the first milestones that marks a baby transitioning into a toddler or older child, is their first spoken word. Hearing your child say their first word is an exciting time for all parents… and can be a real relief if your child is a slightly late talker or has some language issues that have delayed them in any way.
Clear and confident speech means a child can share their thoughts, tell you what they need, and express how they’re feeling. And strong communication skills allow a child to feel more able to share their boundaries, know how to ask for help (in a way that others are likely to understand) and can make a child feel more self-assured and calmer in a variety of situations. Problem-solving, remembering information, decision making and cultivating friendships all become so much easier when a child is able to communicate with clarity and confidence.
The Importance of Effective Communication Skills for Children
Effective communication promotes self-expression, reduces frustration, and supports positive mental health. It’s no surprise that parents feel concerned when hitting the milestone of speaking doesn’t seem to materialize at quite the right time – or in the same way as with other children the same age as your child.
The unique journey of your child’s development can create moments of uncertainty and worry, but remember that each child grows and learns at their own pace. The aim of this article is to help you to recognise if your child has struggles with their language development, how you can assist them at home and when and how to reach out for help so your child feels comfortable and confident in speaking up and expressing their needs, wants, and thoughts without anxiety or difficulty.
Key Milestones in Speech Development
Although all children develop at their own speeds and shouldn’t be compared too closely to others; as parents it does feel second-nature to compare your child at least a little to their peers in terms of whether their progression with speech and communication feels typical and is free from concern. Doctors, health visitors and teachers will often use some sort of accepted guidelines for speech and language development to decide if intervention is needed at any stage.
A basic summary of many of these milestones (which can be found online via reputable health resource pages) is given below:
Speech and Language Milestones from Birth to 3 Months:
- Cooing and making gurgling sounds
- Responding to familiar voices and sounds
- Smiling in response to interaction
Speech and Language Milestones from 4 to 6 Months:
- Babbling and producing a variety of vowel sounds
- Laughing and engaging in vocal play
- Recognizing their name and turning their head towards sounds
Speech and Language Milestones from 7 to 12 Months:
- Babbling with more consonant sounds (e.g., “ba-ba-ba,” “da-da-da”)
- Using gestures to communicate (e.g., waving, pointing)
- Responding to simple verbal requests (e.g., “Give me the toy”)
- Understanding simple words like “no” and familiar names
Speech and Language Milestones from 12 to 18 Months:
- Saying their first words (e.g., “mama,” “dada”)
- Using a few simple words consistently
- Following simple commands (e.g., “Give me the ball”)
- Pointing to objects or pictures when named
Speech and Language Milestones from 18 to 24 Months:
- Using 50 or more words and combining two words (e.g., “more juice,” “big dog”)
- Starting to use pronouns (e.g., “me,” “you”)
- Understanding and following more complex instructions
- Engaging in simple back-and-forth conversations
Speech and Language Milestones from 2 to 3 Years:
- Using 200 or more words and forming three- to four-word sentences
- Asking simple questions (e.g., “What’s that?”)
- Engaging in pretend play and storytelling
- Beginning to use plurals and verb tense markers
Speech and Language Milestones from 3 to 4 Years:
- Using sentences with four or more words
- Narrating simple stories and events
- Understanding basic concepts (e.g., big/small, colors)
- Answering “wh-” questions (e.g., who, what, where)
Speech and Language Milestones from 4 to 5 Years:
- Using sentences with more complex grammar
- Speaking clearly and being understood by strangers
- Understanding and using more descriptive vocabulary
- Engaging in longer and detailed conversations
Remember that these milestones serve as general guidelines, and individual variations are common. If you have concerns about your child’s speech and language development, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional or speech-language pathologist for an accurate evaluation and guidance.
Signs, Symptoms and Causes of Speech and Language Delay
Children develop speech and language skills at different rates, but there are some common signs that may indicate a delay. It is important to recognize these signs early and seek professional help if necessary. In this section, we will discuss some common signs of speech delays.
Speech delay Indicators
Difficulty with Pronunciation
One of the most noticeable signs of speech delay is difficulty with pronunciation. Children may struggle to produce certain sounds or syllables, or they may substitute one sound for another. For example, they may say “wabbit” instead of “rabbit” or “fum” instead of “thumb.” Some children may also leave out sounds or syllables altogether.
Limited Vocabulary
Another sign of speech delay is a limited vocabulary. Children may have difficulty finding the right words to express themselves or may use the same words over and over again. They may also have trouble understanding and following directions, which can make communication difficult.
Inability to Form Sentences
Children with speech delays may also have difficulty forming sentences. They may use short, incomplete sentences or may leave out important words like “is” or “the.” They may also have trouble with grammar, such as using the wrong tense or subject-verb agreement.
It is important to note that some speech delays may be caused by hearing loss or other underlying conditions. If you suspect your child may have a speech delay, it is important to consult with a speech-language pathologist or other healthcare professional for an evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Language Delay Indicators
Children develop language skills at different rates, but there are certain milestones that they should reach by certain ages. If a child is not meeting these milestones, it may be a sign of a language delay. Here are some common signs of language delays to look out for:
Difficulty Understanding Simple Instructions
Children with language delays may have difficulty understanding simple instructions. They may not follow directions or respond appropriately to questions. For example, a child may not understand when asked to pick up a toy or may not respond when asked a simple question like “What’s your name?”
Lack of Gestures or Social Cues
Children with language delays may also have difficulty using gestures or social cues. They may not point to objects or use facial expressions to communicate. They may also have difficulty making eye contact or responding appropriately to social situations.
Struggling with Conversation
Children with language delays may have difficulty with conversation. They may not initiate conversations or respond appropriately to others. They may also have difficulty expressing themselves and may rely on one-word answers or gestures to communicate.
It’s important to note that some children may exhibit these behaviors and not have a language delay. However, if a child is consistently exhibiting these behaviors, it may be a sign of a language delay. If you are concerned about your child’s language development, it’s important to talk to your pediatrician or a speech-language pathologist. Early intervention can make a big difference in a child’s language development.
Common Causes of Speech and Language Delays
Speech and language delays in children can have a variety of causes, including hearing loss, developmental disorders, and neurological problems.
Hearing Loss
Hearing loss is one of the most common causes of speech and language delays in children. Children with hearing loss may have difficulty hearing and distinguishing sounds, which can make it difficult for them to learn language. Some common causes of hearing loss in children include ear infections, genetic factors, and exposure to loud noises.
Developmental Disorders
Developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and cerebral palsy, can also cause speech and language delays in children. These disorders can affect a child’s ability to learn and communicate, making it difficult for them to develop language skills.
Neurological Problems
Neurological problems, such as brain injuries or disorders, can also cause speech and language delays in children. These problems can affect the brain’s ability to process language and communicate effectively. Some common neurological problems that can cause speech and language delays include stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy.
Overall, it is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs of speech and language delays in children and to seek early intervention if they suspect a problem. With early intervention and support, children with speech and language delays can make significant progress and develop strong language skills.
When to Seek Professional Help
Parents or caregivers who are concerned about their child’s speech and language development should seek professional help as early as possible. Early intervention can make a significant difference in a child’s ability to communicate effectively and can prevent future academic and social difficulties.
Age-Related Milestones
It is important to monitor a child’s speech and language development according to age-related milestones. If a child is not meeting these milestones, it may be a sign of a speech or language delay. The following table outlines some of the typical milestones that children should reach:
| Age | Language Milestones |
| 12 months | Says first words |
| 18 months | Uses at least 10 words |
| 2 years | Uses 2-3 word phrases |
| 3 years | Uses 3-4 word sentences |
| 4 years | Uses more complex sentences |
| 5 years | Speaks clearly and fluently |
Extended Periods of Silence
If a child is not speaking at all or has extended periods of silence, it may be a sign of a speech or language delay. Parents or caregivers should seek professional help if a child is not speaking by the age of 2 years.
Regression in Speech or Language Skills
If a child has previously been speaking and then stops or regresses in their speech or language skills, it may be a sign of a speech or language delay. Parents or caregivers should seek professional help if they notice any regression in their child’s speech or language skills.
Supporting Children’s Speech Development at Home
If your child is not under the care of a speech therapist already, or even if they are, there are several engaging activities that parents can incorporate at home to support their child’s speech development.
Here are a few simple yet effective examples:
- Reading Aloud: Read books together with your child regularly. Choose books with colorful illustrations and engaging stories. Encourage your child to repeat simple words or phrases, ask questions about the story, and discuss the pictures. This activity helps expand vocabulary, improves listening skills, and encourages language development.
- Singing and Nursery Rhymes: Singing songs and reciting nursery rhymes are fun and effective ways to promote speech and language skills. Encourage your child to join in and sing along. The rhythmic patterns and repetitive nature of songs and rhymes help with language comprehension, memory, and articulation.
- Picture/Word Matching Games: Create a game where you present your child with a set of picture cards and corresponding word cards. Help your child match the pictures to the correct words. This activity enhances vocabulary development, improves word recognition, and strengthens the association between spoken and written words.
- Storytelling and Role-Playing: Encourage your child to engage in imaginative play and storytelling. Provide props, puppets, or stuffed animals to stimulate their creativity. This activity encourages expressive language skills, narrative development, and social interaction.
- Name Objects and Describe: During everyday activities, such as mealtime or playtime, encourage your child to name objects and describe them. For example, ask them to name different fruits and describe their color, taste, or texture. This activity promotes vocabulary expansion, improves descriptive skills, and enhances communication.
- Articulation Games: Play games that focus on specific speech sounds or articulation goals. For example, you can play “I Spy” and take turns describing objects using specific sounds your child is working on. This activity helps improve speech clarity and articulation skills.
- Verbal Puzzles and Riddles: Engage your child in solving verbal puzzles, riddles, or word games appropriate for their age. This activity promotes critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and language comprehension.
Remember, the key is to make these activities enjoyable and interactive for your child. Tailor them to their age and interests, and provide positive reinforcement and encouragement throughout the process. Consistency and frequent practice will help strengthen their speech skills over time.
How (& When) to Find Speech Therapists or Early Intervention Services
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs), also known as speech therapists, play a vital role in evaluating, diagnosing, and treating speech and language difficulties. They are highly trained professionals who specialize in communication disorders and provide comprehensive services to individuals of all ages.
Here is an overview of the role of speech-language pathologists and their expertise in treating speech difficulties:
- Assessment and Diagnosis: SLPs conduct thorough assessments to evaluate a person’s speech and language skills. They use standardized tests, observation, and other diagnostic tools to identify specific areas of difficulty and determine the underlying causes.
- Individualized Treatment Plans: Based on the assessment results, SLPs develop customized treatment plans tailored to each individual’s unique needs. These plans target specific areas of speech difficulty, such as articulation, fluency, voice, or language skills.
- Articulation and Phonological Therapy: SLPs work with individuals who struggle with speech sound production or have difficulty articulating certain sounds. They use various techniques and exercises to improve speech clarity and accuracy.
- Language Intervention: SLPs address language delays or disorders, helping individuals develop their expressive and receptive language skills. This may involve improving vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, comprehension, and social communication.
- Fluency Therapy: SLPs assist individuals who experience stuttering or other fluency disorders. They employ strategies to enhance fluency, reduce stuttering behaviors, and improve overall communication confidence.
- Voice Therapy: SLPs work with individuals who have voice disorders, such as vocal nodules, vocal cord paralysis, or misuse of vocal techniques. They provide techniques to improve vocal quality, pitch, volume, and overall vocal health.
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): SLPs are experts in AAC, which includes using devices, symbols, or strategies to support communication for individuals who have limited verbal abilities. They assess, select, and implement appropriate AAC systems and provide training to individuals and their families.
- Swallowing and Feeding Therapy: SLPs also address swallowing and feeding difficulties. They evaluate and treat individuals who have trouble with chewing, swallowing, or managing oral intake, ensuring safe and effective swallowing function.
- Collaboration and Counseling: SLPs collaborate with other professionals, including educators, physicians, psychologists, and occupational therapists, to provide comprehensive care. They also offer counseling and support to individuals and their families, helping them understand and cope with communication challenges.
- Continuous Evaluation and Progress Monitoring: SLPs regularly monitor progress, adjust treatment plans as needed, and provide ongoing support to individuals and their families. They strive to improve communication skills, promote independence, and enhance overall quality of life.
Early intervention services are an ideal first step to working out what support or intervention might best benefit infants and toddlers with speech and language delays or disorders. These services aim to address communication difficulties as early as possible to promote optimal development and minimize the impact of speech and language challenges on a child’s overall functioning. Early intervention programs can provide assessment, therapy, and support services for children and their families.
Early intervention programs typically begin with a comprehensive evaluation to assess a child’s communication skills, strengths, and areas of need. Based on the evaluation results, an individualized treatment plan is developed to target the specific communication goals and needs of the child. The plan outlines the strategies, techniques, and interventions to be used in therapy sessions. Early intervention services then provide regular speech therapy sessions with a qualified SLP. These sessions may be conducted one-on-one or in small groups, depending on the child’s needs and the program’s structure. SLPs employ various evidence-based techniques, play-based and child-centered activities to improve speech production, language skills, and overall communication abilities. The SLPs work collaboratively with parents and families to help them to support their children’s progression at home.
Although there can be a long waiting list, depending on region and local needs, engaging with early intervention services as soon as possible can really help with transition planning as well, as a child approaches preschool or school-age years. This involves coordinating with educational professionals and ensuring a smooth transition to continue speech and language support within the educational setting.